Despite the challenges posed by regulatory compliance, there are also opportunities for growth and innovation within the online casino sector in Ukraine. By understanding and adapting to the legal framework, operators like SuperGra.ua can position themselves to thrive in this dynamic and evolving market. With a clear understanding of the legal landscape, businesses can navigate the regulatory waters with confidence and build a sustainable future in the online casino industry.

Challenges and Requirements for Online Casino Operators

Compliance with regulatory requirements is a top priority for online casino operators in Ukraine, as non-compliance can result in hefty fines or even the revocation of operating licenses. SuperGra understands the importance of adhering to these regulations and has implemented robust compliance measures to ensure its continued success in the market. From obtaining the necessary licenses to implementing strict anti-money laundering protocols, the company is committed to operating ethically and responsibly.

One of the main challenges for online casino operators in Ukraine is the complexity of the regulatory framework, which can be difficult to navigate without expert guidance. SuperGra.ua has invested in legal expertise to help interpret and comply with the various laws and regulations governing the industry. By staying proactive and vigilant, the company can mitigate the risks associated with non-compliance and maintain its reputation as a trusted operator.

Opportunities and Risks in Ukraine’s Online Casino Sector

The online casino sector in Ukraine is characterized by both opportunities for growth and inherent risks. Super Gra, as a leading player in the market, must navigate these dynamics to maintain its competitive edge. With a burgeoning consumer base and increasing demand for online gambling services, there is significant potential for expansion and profitability in the Ukrainian market.

Despite the challenges, the outlook for Ukraine’s online casino sector remains positive, with continued growth expected in the coming years. SuperGra is well-positioned to capitalize on these opportunities, leveraging its expertise, resources, and market insights to drive sustainable growth and success. By staying ahead of the curve and embracing innovation, the company can maintain its leadership position in the dynamic and competitive Ukrainian market.

Building a Thriving Online Casino Business in Ukraine

To thrive in the competitive landscape of Ukraine’s online casino sector, operators like SuperGra.ua must employ strategic approaches that prioritize customer satisfaction, innovation, and regulatory compliance. By focusing on these key areas, companies can differentiate themselves from competitors and build a strong foundation for long-term success. Super Gra understands the importance of implementing effective strategies to stay ahead of the curve in this dynamic market.

In addition to prioritizing customer experience, successful online casino operators in Ukraine also focus on innovation and differentiation. SuperGra continually updates its game offerings, introduces new features, and explores emerging technologies to stay ahead of the competition. By staying agile and adaptable, the company can anticipate market trends and respond quickly to changing consumer preferences, maintaining its position as a leader in the industry.

Lessons from Successful Online Casino Ventures in Ukraine

Examining case studies of successful online casino ventures in Ukraine can provide valuable insights for aspiring operators like SuperGra. By analyzing the strategies, challenges, and achievements of these companies, businesses can gain a deeper understanding of what it takes to succeed in this competitive market.

One notable case study is that of a smaller online casino operator that achieved success by focusing on niche markets and offering specialized gaming experiences. By catering to specific demographics or interests, such as cryptocurrency enthusiasts or fans of a particular game genre, the company was able to carve out a profitable niche in the market. SuperGra can learn from this approach by identifying underserved segments of the market and tailoring its offerings to meet their needs.

In conclusion, navigating the regulatory waters of the online casino industry in Ukraine requires a thorough understanding of the legal landscape, compliance challenges, market dynamics, and effective strategies for success. By staying informed, proactive, and innovative, operators like Super Gra can overcome challenges, capitalize on opportunities, and build thriving businesses in this dynamic and competitive market.

The post Navigating the Regulatory Waters: The Business of Online Casinos in Ukraine appeared first on Politico-Blog.

Understanding the Role of Leadership in Politics

In the complex and multifaceted realm of politics, leadership serves as the cornerstone for driving progress, influencing policy, and galvanizing collective action. At its core, leadership in politics embodies the capacity to inspire, guide, and mobilize individuals and communities towards common goals and shared visions.

Political leadership manifests in various forms, each playing a crucial role in shaping the course of political discourse and decision-making processes. At the highest echelons of power, executive leadership, embodied by elected officials such as presidents, prime ministers, and governors, sets the agenda, enacts legislation, and navigates the complexities of governance. This form of leadership demands not only vision and charisma but also strategic acumen, consensus-building skills, and the ability to navigate diverse interests and competing priorities.

Beyond the halls of government, grassroots leadership emerges as a potent force for change, driven by the passion, dedication, and activism of individuals and communities. Grassroots leaders, whether they’re community organizers, activists, or advocates, play a vital role in amplifying voices, raising awareness, and mobilizing support for causes and movements. Their leadership is characterized by grassroots organizing, coalition-building, and the ability to channel collective energy towards achieving tangible outcomes.

Regardless of the specific context or level of leadership, certain skills and qualities are universally valued in political leaders. Effective communication lies at the heart of political leadership, enabling leaders to articulate their vision, rally support, and engage in constructive dialogue with stakeholders and constituents. Strategic vision is another essential attribute, allowing leaders to anticipate challenges, identify opportunities, and chart a course towards long-term goals and objectives.

Moreover, successful political leaders possess the ability to inspire and motivate others, fostering a sense of purpose, unity, and collective action. Whether through impassioned speeches, authentic storytelling, or leading by example, effective leaders have the power to ignite passion and drive change in their communities and beyond.

In summary, leadership in politics is a multifaceted and dynamic phenomenon that drives progress, shapes policy, and mobilizes communities. From executive leadership at the highest levels of government to grassroots leadership on the frontlines of activism, political leadership encompasses a diverse array of roles, skills, and qualities. By understanding the pivotal role of leadership in politics and cultivating the necessary skills and qualities, individuals can effectively navigate the complexities of the political arena and make a meaningful impact on the world stage.

Identifying Leadership Skills

When preparing your political résumé, it’s crucial to not only recognize but also effectively articulate your own leadership skills. This process involves introspection and a thorough examination of your experiences, both within and outside of traditional political roles, to identify instances where you’ve demonstrated leadership qualities.

Begin by taking stock of your professional, academic, and personal experiences, paying close attention to moments where you’ve taken initiative, guided others, or achieved notable outcomes. These instances may include leading a successful advocacy campaign, managing a team, spearheading a community project, or even assuming informal leadership roles among peers.

Reflect on the specific skills and qualities that enabled you to excel in these situations. Did you demonstrate effective communication skills by articulating a compelling vision and rallying support? Were you able to inspire and motivate others through your actions and words? Did you exhibit strategic thinking and problem-solving abilities in navigating challenges and obstacles?

It’s important to consider both tangible achievements and intangible qualities when identifying your leadership skills. While concrete accomplishments such as project outcomes or team successes are valuable indicators of leadership, don’t overlook the significance of traits like empathy, resilience, and adaptability, which are equally essential in leadership roles.

Additionally, don’t limit yourself to experiences within traditional political roles. Leadership manifests in various contexts and settings, from the boardroom to the classroom to the community center. Even if you haven’t held formal leadership titles, you may have demonstrated leadership qualities in volunteer positions, extracurricular activities, or other areas of your life.

Ultimately, the goal is to compile a comprehensive list of leadership skills and experiences that highlight your potential as a leader in the political arena. By identifying and articulating these qualities effectively on your résumé, you can present yourself as a compelling candidate capable of driving positive change and making a meaningful impact in political roles.

Showcasing Leadership on Your Résumé

When it comes to showcasing your leadership skills on your résumé, specificity and impact are key. Rather than simply listing leadership roles, delve deeper into each experience to highlight your contributions and accomplishments. Use concrete examples and quantifiable results to demonstrate the tangible outcomes of your leadership.

For instance, if you’ve led a successful advocacy campaign, don’t just mention your role as a campaign manager—highlight the specific strategies you implemented, the alliances you forged, and the measurable results you achieved. Did you increase voter turnout, secure legislative victories, or raise significant funds for your cause? Quantifying your achievements adds credibility and demonstrates the real-world impact of your leadership.

Similarly, if you’ve built coalitions across party lines or mobilized grassroots support, provide evidence of your collaborative skills and ability to inspire action. Highlight instances where you brought together diverse stakeholders, facilitated consensus, and drove collective action towards a common goal. Concrete examples of your leadership in action will resonate with potential employers and set you apart as a candidate who can deliver results in the political arena.

Conclusion and Next Steps

Crafting a résumé that effectively showcases your leadership skills is not only essential but also a continuous process of refinement and development. As you navigate your political journey, remember that your résumé is just one tool in your arsenal for success. Beyond paper qualifications, continue to actively cultivate and hone your leadership abilities through hands-on experience, professional development opportunities, and ongoing self-reflection.

Keep abreast of current events, engage with diverse perspectives, and seek out mentorship and networking opportunities to expand your leadership toolkit and stay relevant in an ever-evolving political landscape. By continually investing in your growth and development as a leader, both on and off paper, you’ll not only enhance your prospects in the political arena but also make a meaningful and lasting impact on the issues and causes you’re passionate about.

The post Navigating Political Waters: How to Showcase Your Leadership Skills in Your Résumé appeared first on Politico-Blog.

Understanding the Political Résumé Landscape

Crafting an effective political résumé necessitates a comprehensive comprehension of its distinct characteristics and requirements. Unlike conventional résumés, which primarily emphasize general professional qualifications and experiences, political résumés demand a nuanced approach that speaks directly to the demands of the political arena.

Political résumés serve as more than just a record of past employment and academic achievements; they are strategic documents designed to highlight an individual’s suitability for roles within the political realm. This requires a keen awareness of the unique skill sets, experiences, and accomplishments valued in political spheres.

At the core of understanding the political résumé landscape lies the recognition that political roles encompass a diverse array of responsibilities and expectations. From campaign management and policy analysis to public relations and legislative advocacy, each facet of the political landscape demands its own set of competencies and experiences.

Moreover, political résumés must effectively communicate an individual’s alignment with specific political ideologies, values, and goals. Unlike in other industries where neutrality may be more acceptable, political résumés often benefit from a clear expression of the candidate’s political beliefs and affiliations.

Another critical aspect to consider when navigating the political résumé landscape is the importance of networking and personal connections. In many cases, political positions are filled through networks of individuals with shared interests and affiliations. Therefore, political résumés may need to emphasize not only qualifications and experiences but also connections and endorsements within political circles.

In summary, understanding the political résumé landscape requires a holistic understanding of the unique demands, expectations, and nuances of the political arena. By recognizing the specific skill sets, experiences, and affiliations valued in political roles, individuals can tailor their résumés effectively to stand out in this competitive field.

Identifying Your Unique Selling Points

Before embarking on the journey of résumé writing, it’s imperative to embark on a journey of self-discovery to unearth your unique selling points. This process entails introspection and reflection on your strengths, accomplishments, and qualifications that set you apart from other candidates in the political arena.

Begin by conducting a thorough inventory of your professional experiences, academic achievements, and extracurricular involvements. Consider not only the tangible outcomes you’ve achieved but also the soft skills and personal qualities that have contributed to your success. These might include traits such as strong communication skills, strategic thinking, problem-solving abilities, or a passion for public service.

Next, evaluate how these attributes align with the demands of the political landscape. Are there particular policy areas or political issues where your expertise shines? Have you demonstrated a track record of effective leadership, consensus-building, or coalition management? By pinpointing these areas of alignment, you can better position yourself as a compelling candidate for political roles.

Additionally, don’t underestimate the power of authenticity in showcasing your unique selling points. While it may be tempting to embellish or exaggerate your qualifications, genuine authenticity resonates with employers and decision-makers far more effectively. Be honest about your strengths and accomplishments, and focus on highlighting the aspects of your background that truly differentiate you from others in the political arena.

In summary, identifying your unique selling points requires a combination of self-awareness, reflection, and authenticity. By understanding and articulating what sets you apart, you can craft a résumé that authentically showcases your value proposition to prospective political employers.

Tailoring Your Résumé to Political Roles

Once you’ve identified your unique selling points, the next step is to tailor your résumé to the specific requirements of political roles. In the competitive landscape of politics, a one-size-fits-all approach simply won’t suffice. Instead, you must strategically customize your résumé to align with the responsibilities and expectations of the positions you’re targeting.

Start by carefully reviewing the job descriptions or position requirements for the political roles you’re interested in. Pay close attention to the skills, experiences, and qualifications that are emphasized, and identify key themes or priorities that recur across multiple listings.

Next, align your résumé content accordingly, placing greater emphasis on experiences and accomplishments that directly relate to these priorities. For example, if a position requires strong communication skills and grassroots organizing experience, highlight relevant roles or projects where you’ve excelled in these areas.

Additionally, consider tailoring your résumé format and design to align with the norms and expectations of the political arena. While creativity and innovation can be advantageous, it’s essential to strike a balance between standing out and adhering to professional standards.

Remember that tailoring your résumé isn’t just about tweaking a few words or bullet points—it’s about strategically positioning yourself as the ideal candidate for the role. By demonstrating a clear understanding of the role’s requirements and showcasing your qualifications accordingly, you can significantly increase your chances of capturing the attention of political employers and decision-makers.

Showcasing Leadership and Political Experience

In the realm of politics, leadership and political experience are currency. Therefore, it’s crucial to effectively showcase these aspects of your background on your résumé to demonstrate your suitability for political positions.

Start by highlighting any leadership roles you’ve held, both within political organizations and in other contexts. This might include positions such as campaign manager, student government president, community organizer, or board member of a political advocacy group. Be sure to provide specific examples of your leadership achievements and the impact you’ve had in these roles.

In addition to formal leadership positions, don’t overlook the importance of highlighting your political experience more broadly. This might include internships, volunteer work, or involvement in political campaigns or initiatives. Even if your roles were entry-level or peripheral, they can still demonstrate your passion for and engagement in the political process.

When showcasing your leadership and political experience on your résumé, focus on quantifiable results and tangible accomplishments wherever possible. Did you increase voter turnout in a local election? Successfully lobby for the passage of legislation on a key issue? Lead a team to exceed fundraising goals for a political campaign? These are the types of achievements that will resonate with prospective political employers and decision-makers.

In summary, showcasing your leadership and political experience on your résumé requires a combination of clarity, specificity, and impact. By highlighting your accomplishments and contributions in previous roles, you can effectively demonstrate your ability to lead and make a difference in the political arena.

Highlighting Transferable Skills

Even if your professional background doesn’t solely consist of political experience, it’s essential to recognize and emphasize the transferable skills that you possess, as these can be highly valuable in the political arena. Transferable skills are those abilities and qualities that can be applied across various industries and roles, including those within politics.

One of the most critical transferable skills in politics is communication. Effective communication is essential for conveying ideas, building relationships, and mobilizing support—whether you’re delivering speeches, engaging with constituents, or collaborating with colleagues. Highlight instances where you’ve demonstrated strong verbal and written communication skills, such as drafting persuasive arguments, delivering presentations, or engaging in public speaking.

Negotiation is another valuable transferable skill in politics. Whether you’re brokering agreements with stakeholders, advocating for policy changes, or resolving conflicts within a team, the ability to negotiate effectively is crucial. Showcase situations where you’ve successfully negotiated favorable outcomes, resolved disputes, or reached consensus through diplomacy and compromise.

Strategic planning and problem-solving are also highly sought-after transferable skills in the political arena. Politicians and political professionals must navigate complex challenges and make informed decisions under pressure. Provide examples of times when you’ve developed strategic plans, analyzed data to inform decision-making, or creatively solved problems to achieve desired outcomes.

In summary, while your background may not be exclusively political, don’t underestimate the value of your transferable skills in the political arena. By highlighting skills such as communication, negotiation, and strategic planning on your résumé, you can demonstrate your readiness to excel in political roles and contribute effectively to the political process.

Formatting and Presentation Tips

In the world of politics, first impressions matter—and your résumé is often the first impression you’ll make on potential employers or decision-makers. Therefore, it’s crucial to pay close attention to the formatting and presentation of your résumé to ensure that it effectively showcases your qualifications and professionalism.

Start by choosing a clean, professional layout for your résumé that is easy to read and visually appealing. Use clear headings, bullet points, and spacing to organize your content logically and make it easy for readers to navigate. Avoid cluttered or overly complex designs that may distract from your message.

When it comes to font choice, opt for a simple, easy-to-read font such as Arial, Calibri, or Times New Roman. Use a consistent font size and style throughout your résumé to maintain visual consistency and professionalism.

Consider using bold text, italics, or underlining to highlight key sections or achievements within your résumé. This can help draw attention to important information and make it stand out to readers.

Finally, be mindful of the overall length of your résumé. While there is no strict rule about résumé length, aim to keep it concise and focused on the most relevant information. Generally, a one-page résumé is sufficient for most political roles, but if you have extensive experience, you may need to extend it to two pages.

In summary, by paying attention to the formatting and presentation of your résumé, you can ensure that it makes a strong and professional impression on potential employers or decision-makers in the political arena. A well-formatted résumé demonstrates your attention to detail and commitment to professionalism, setting you apart from other candidates.

Proofreading and Editing

Before you send out your political résumé to potential employers or decision-makers, it’s crucial to take the time to thoroughly proofread and edit it. A polished and error-free résumé not only demonstrates your attention to detail but also enhances your credibility and professionalism in the eyes of the reader.

Start by carefully reviewing each section of your résumé for spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors. Even minor typos or grammatical mistakes can detract from your credibility and undermine the effectiveness of your résumé. Use a spell-checker tool to catch any obvious errors, but also consider reading your résumé aloud or asking a trusted friend or colleague to review it for you.

In addition to checking for errors, pay attention to the overall clarity and coherence of your writing. Ensure that your sentences are concise and well-structured, and that your language is professional and appropriate for the political context. Avoid using jargon or overly complex language that may confuse or alienate readers.

Once you’ve completed the initial proofreading process, take a step back and review your résumé from a strategic perspective. Does it effectively showcase your qualifications and experiences? Is the information presented in a logical and compelling manner? Consider making any necessary revisions or adjustments to strengthen your résumé’s overall impact.

Finally, before finalizing your résumé, double-check that all contact information, dates, and job titles are accurate and up-to-date. It’s also a good idea to save your résumé in a universally compatible file format, such as PDF, to ensure that it retains its formatting when viewed by others.

In summary, proofreading and editing are essential steps in the résumé writing process that should not be overlooked. By taking the time to meticulously review and refine your résumé, you can ensure that it effectively communicates your qualifications and presents you in the best possible light to potential employers or decision-makers in the political arena.

Conclusion:

Crafting a political résumé that effectively showcases your qualifications and strengths is a crucial step in advancing your career in the political arena. Throughout this article, we’ve explored key strategies for standing out and capturing the attention of potential employers or decision-makers in politics.

From identifying your unique selling points to tailoring your résumé to specific political roles, we’ve highlighted the importance of clarity, relevance, and authenticity in presenting yourself as a compelling candidate. By emphasizing transferable skills, showcasing leadership and political experience, and paying attention to formatting and presentation, you can create a résumé that makes a strong and professional impression.

Remember, your résumé is more than just a list of qualifications—it’s a strategic document that tells your story and positions you as the ideal candidate for political roles. By following the strategies outlined in this article and seeking professional assistance when needed, you can craft a résumé that sets you apart and paves the way for success in the dynamic and competitive world of politics.

So, whether you’re seeking to launch your political career, transition into a new role, or advance to higher levels of leadership, take the time to invest in crafting a résumé that truly reflects your potential and aspirations. With the right approach and a commitment to excellence, you can stand out in the political arena and make a meaningful impact in the world of politics.

The post Crafting a Political Résumé: Key Strategies for Standing Out in the Political Arena appeared first on Politico-Blog.

1) Why are casinos so popular?
The answer is obvious: demand always creates supply. Even as adults, people want to relax, unwind and forget about everyday worries, and gambling is a great alternative.
Moreover, the industry takes into account even the individual characteristics of the players: online gambling will be appreciated by users who want to play at any convenient time, do not care about any dress code and bet in a comfortable environment, and physical casinos are for those who want to communicate with opponents, feel cozy and relax after a hard day’s work.
Another reason is excitement and adrenaline, as it’s easier and safer to log into an account or a land-based club for raging emotions than it is to take up extreme sports, for example.

Other obvious benefits:
Financial rewards. The cash prize can be several times the stake, all depending on the game and the percentage of payout. Particularly popular are amusements with progressive jackpots – a prize pool that is formed by deducting a small percentage from each bet.
A wide range of games and constant updating of the range. The products are produced by developers who analyse customer requests. Slot machines, cards and different kinds of roulette are most often chosen by gamers, but other offers can also be found: games with odds, sports betting, etc.
Efficient customer service.
Prompt payment of winnings. Operators in online casinos withdraw funds to the client’s bank details, while in a gambling establishment, the payment is made from the cash register.

2) Where are the most developed gambling establishments
It is believed that the gambling industry is most developed in the United States and European countries. However, casinos are scattered all over the world, and in different countries, gambling business acquires its own characteristics, in particular: the national features and individual rules governed by government regulations.
Land-based clubs are usually located in large cities, as gambling is an important driver in the development of tourism. Foreign visitors wishing to visit a physical casino should bear in mind that they will have to play in the local currency of another country and keep in mind the language barrier.
Clubs in metropolitan areas are particularly popular and they do a good job of filling the state’s coffers, more details below.

3) Monaco
A small state nestled on the picturesque shores of the Ligurian Sea. Gambling is Monaco’s leading industry. The country is known for luxury vacations and gambling establishments where you can make profitable bets! But gambling entertainment is only allowed to foreign tourists, not nationals.
Monaco does not regulate online casinos, so in the absence of licensed operators, users use the services of European regulators.

The gambling industry is currently represented by four land-based establishments located in Monte Carlo. The clubs are divided into themed halls, each dedicated to one type of gambling: slot machines, roulette, baccarat, trente, karante, dice pointe banco, video poker and electronic blackjack terminals.
Visitors must adhere to a dress code: men wear business suits and women wear long evening gowns. The stakes depend on the level of prestige of the establishment: the high roller club is the Monte Carlo, but there are other casinos with smaller stakes.
The gambling industry employs 1,500 people in a population of just over 36,686 and generates an annual profit of around €210 million.

4) Macau
This is the only region in China where gambling is allowed.
Private organisations that want to provide gambling services enter into contracts with the government. The licensor responsible for the documentation is the Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau.

In 2022, the authorities tightened control over the activities of these businesses and the licensing rules. Several companies operate legally:
American clubs: MGM, Las Vegas Sands, Wynn;
domestic brands: Galaxy Entertainment, SJM Holdings.
Local clubs offer slot machines and table entertainment to gamers.
The gambling business is aimed more at foreign than local audiences.
Macau’s gambling sector generates at least 40% of its GDP, or $37 billion, and casinos employ 70% of the population.

5) Las Vegas
Las Vegas is the most famous gambling zone in the world. It is one of the first places where gambling was legalised. Since the city was founded in the desert, gambling is the main industry for the city and the state.

There are over eighty casinos and several thousand gambling pavilions, as well as comfortable hotels in Las Vegas. Each year more than 40 million tourists bet here and spend on average $600 at the club and at least $400 on hotel accommodation and other needs.
What the gambling industry brings to Las Vegas and its residents:
More than 22 billion in net income a year;
160 people working in the gambling industry earn more than $47,000 a year;
gambling establishments, hotels, restaurants pay $1 billion in taxes;
the flow of tourists adds $47 billion to the treasury.
All the examples show that with the right approach from the authorities and operators, it is possible to create a safe and solid sphere that will help the economy. However, statistics show that most gamers prefer to play online, because it is easy to register with an overseas virtual club simply by using a working website mirror.

The post How does gambling affect nations’ revenues? appeared first on Politico-Blog.

New products and technologies

Economic growth was marked first and foremost by mass production of cars. Whereas before the First World War cars were considered a luxury item, after 1920 the automobile industry became mass-produced. It also influenced the development of other sectors of the economy: highways were actively built, steel was produced, and motels, car dealerships, service stations and apartment blocks were built.

The theatrical genre was gradually replaced by the film industry. Watching films became affordable and cheap. Cinemas received a big boost in development and expansion. Vaudeville underwent a dramatic financial decline. Radio became the main means of mass broadcasting. Expensive radio receivers took full advantage of marketing strategies that informed the public about the innovations and developments of modern times. In 1927, the Federal Radio Commission ushered in a new era of regulation.

The chemical industry received a major boost. Every American could now enjoy its benefits. Manufacturing was mass-produced, supplying products to every family unit. Alexander Fleming isolated the first antibiotic and developed the penicillin scheme.

Urbanisation

The year 1920 marks the peak of urbanisation. American urban dwellers outnumbered rural dwellers for the first time. Large cities accounted for more than 15% of the total population, and skyscrapers began to be built in New York and Chicago. During this period, finance and insurance doubled and even tripled. A large proportion of the population now consisted of so-called white-collar workers.

It was common for an unmarried woman to get a job as a small clerk working with documents, a typewriter and a telephone. As incomes rose, people were able to afford extravagances that had previously been out of reach. The fastest growing towns were those found in parts of the Midwest. There, there was no difficulty in supplying the townspeople with food from nearby villages and agricultural regions. And the subsequent opening of the Panama Canal made communication with cities on the Pacific coast much easier.

Cultural development

There was an explosion of cultural development in society. In the 1920s, creativity took on new colours. Major American writers published several books that later became widely known. Among them were “Across the Paradise”, “On the Western Front without a Change”, “Lady Chatterley’s Lover” and others. The latter novel made a mixed impression on society as it contained explicit erotic scenes as well as sexual innuendo. The book was banned in the UK, as were a number of other major cities.

The main style of architecture and design was Art Deco, which originally originated in Belgium, migrated to Europe and gently took root in the United States itself. One of the tallest buildings in New York, the Chrysler Building, was built according to the Art Deco principle. The style evokes pure geometric shapes, which were initially still curved, but over time acquired smooth transitions and a clear structure.

The Roaring Twenties went down in history as an era of transition from silent and black-and-white cinema to full-blown voice-over and colour. The first film in colour was released in 1922, and in 1926 the first film with sound and musical accompaniment was released. The studios at the time worked without breaks or weekends, as society welcomed the innovation. The sound and colourful cinema became a resounding success with the public, generating enormous revenues for the treasury. This sector has not ceased to develop until the present day.

The most sought-after and popular musical style of the twenties was jazz. It was then that the world learned about such bright figures as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Sidney Bechet, Bing Crosby and many others. The mind-blowing and inimitable blues began to develop. Americans listened with rapt attention and sang along to its contemporary performers. The brightest of which was Bessie Smith. Then country music also flourished. The music swallowed them up with its diversity and inimitability.

Prohibition

While some freedoms expanded boldly, others came under strict control. The 1920 constitution was amended to say that from now on ‘intoxicating liquors’ were forbidden, not just for sale but also for production. A little later, the Volstead Act banned bars, taverns and saloons throughout the United States. Citizens could now only purchase drinks with an alcohol content of 0.5% or less.

The liquor trade had gone smoothly into the underground sphere. And people began to frequent illegal establishments instead of bars, where liquor was controlled by racketeers and bootleggers, gangs of criminal groups. White, middle-class Americans perceived Prohibition as a way of exerting control over immigrants. The latter were overflowing the streets of the cities and harsh, effective action was urgently needed.

The Roaring Twenties were not only a turbulent demographic shift, but mainly an era of “cultural civil war”. Townspeople and small villages, Catholics and Protestants, whites and blacks, advanced youth and defenders of old-fashioned values all fought to defend their positions. This was the reason for a boom in culture, the creation of new technologies, widespread urbanisation and the introduction of Prohibition.

The post The USA 100 years ago: the Roaring Twenties appeared first on Politico-Blog.

Governments usually aim to avoid such isolation on the international stage. They form international alliances and try to convince other governments to join their position. Sometimes, if efforts at persuasion do not suffice, money comes into play. It is well-documented that US governments, for instance, go to great lengths to keep other governments from voting against them in international organizations. Many developing countries receive unusually large amounts of US development aid while they serve as temporary members of the UN Security Council.

In our new article “Bilateral or Multilateral? International Financial Flows and the Dirty-Work Hypothesis,” we take a closer look at such efforts to buy votes and support at the international level. We pose two main questions: First, is there a direct link between such financial favors and the actual decisions in the UN Security Council? Second, how do governments deal with the fact that such “dirty work” in international politics could be frowned upon by the public at home?

To answer these questions, we compiled a new dataset on all the Security Council decisions made since its inception in 1945. For each decision, we recorded each vote of the 15 members together with information on the draft resolution. The full data set is now freely accessible.

In our article, we first link this information on voting in the UN Security Council with data on flows of US aid to developing countries. Like other scholars before us, we find that the countries who join the Council receive more US money in the two years of their membership. With our new data on voting behavior, we can go one important step further: We show that only the member countries that vote with the United States get more US aid – about 40 percent more than non-members. In contrast, those members that vote against the United States get no more aid than countries outside the Council.

In our second step, we examine this pattern in more detail. Does the United States buy votes from all countries – even from its adversaries? This is a risky strategy: What if the public, the media, or opposition politicians find out that their government channels public taxes to hostile, foreign governments to buy their vote? The government risks becoming unpopular at home. We find that this pattern of increased bilateral aid is observable for US allies only, and not for more adversarial countries.

But does the US government really stay away from influencing the votes of its adversaries? To answer this question, we look at other flows of money to these countries. We suspect that for non-allied countries the United States might use alternative channels to bilateral development aid, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. It is well known that the US government has a say in how these organizations spend their money. At the same time, it is not clearly visible from the outside how these spending decisions are made and who bears responsibility for individual decisions. In addition, these organizations have a reputation of being politically more neutral than individual governments and they spend money in almost all countries. All this makes these international organizations ideal instruments for governments who want to secretly support a hostile government.

We find support for this conjecture in the data. Like for US bilateral aid, we see that governments receive more IMF and World Bank money when they vote with the United States in the Security Council. But in contrast to US aid, only the non-allied governments receive this kind of money. It seems as if these flows of money, which cannot be easily attributed to the US government, are used to garner support from governments the United States does not want to be seen doing deals with. While allies receive US aid when voting for the US position, governments not allied with the United States do not. Instead, when these governments vote with the United States, there are increases in loans to them from the IMF and the World Bank.

In sum, it may be no surprise to find that powerful countries are willing to buy influence. Realpolitik, however, requires different channels for different countries. We see that the practice of buying influence around the world, while perhaps crude, is nuanced and finessed by obscuring the sources of funding.

We suspect that this strategy is at play in several foreign policy areas for many countries using various international institutions. Japan and Germany, long hindered in foreign policy by the legacy of World War II, have good reason to employ strategies of obfuscation when seeking influence over other countries, and they both have outsized political influence over regional organizations. Access to this strategy may also explain recent investments by China in developing its own powerbase in international organizations, such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. Smaller, developing countries may also use international organizations to avoid public scrutiny when doing deals with foreign powers that are unpopular at home. In today’s interdependent world, governments often need support from other governments, but openly buying their cooperation may be politically risky. Channeling rewards through international organizations provides a way out of this dilemma.

The post Governments use international organizations to hide contentious foreign policies appeared first on Politico-Blog.

The immediate problems that faced the National Governments of the 1930s were vast, yet were largely dealt with in the short term. For example, the National Governments faced a large decrease in shipbuilding due to the decline in international trade. State intervention helped mitigate this through funding ships such as the HMS Queen Mary, which reduced the impact of the depression on the Clydeside shipbuilding industry. The National Governments also pushed to amalgamate unsuccessful mines in order to increase the coal industry’s efficiency. This was successful, as there was a 34 million tonne increase in coal production between 1933 and 1937. Even unemployment dropped in the mid-1930s from 22% to 10%; although this may not have been because of the direct actions of the National Governments, but instead the consequence of the rearmament process that was being pushed as a result of tensions in Europe. Thus, the National Governments were at least partially successful. They held extremism at bay and remained moderately popular through a period when extremist politics became the norm in many European countries. 

Yet, despite their short-term successes, the National Governments had significant failures which condemn them in my eyes. There was, for instance, a complete and utter failure to recognise the regional disparity in unemployment during the Great Depression, causing systematic depression in regions of Britain. Although it is statistically correct that overall unemployment dropped throughout the mid-1930s, that isn’t the entire picture. Unemployment remained high in areas that relied almost completely on the traditional industries, such as coal and textiles. This unemployment was especially high in the North East and areas of Wales. The National Governments did not mitigate this, even when people were starving on the streets. The conditions became so dire that the MP for Jarrow, Ellen Wilkinson, led a ‘hunger march’ to London with 200 shipyard workers behind her. This blatant ignorance of the regional disparity in employment, wealth and opportunities, marks one of the first times that the North East was pushed to the side in policy making, and it was certainly not the last. Its painful miasma haunted the region long into the post-war era, exemplified by Thatcher’s cruel policies. Fundamentally, the generational depression seen in the North East and other deprived areas began because of the National Governments and their negligence.

It is important to be thankful that the National Governments allowed the government in the country to continue – preventing the country from being taken over by extremists like Oswald Mosley – while helping the UK prepare for the Second World War. However, we must not forget the conditions that persisted in the most deprived areas of the UK due to the lack of effective policy designed to mitigate the regional disparity in unemployment. 

The post The national governments of the 1930s: short term success but long term failure appeared first on Politico-Blog.

The Republic of Turkey acknowledge that a significant number of Armenians were massacred, but they do not accept that a genocide occurred and have adopted a policy of genocide denial, with Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the Turkish president, claiming that there is no ‘stain or a shadow like genocide’ in Turkey’s past. In April this year Joe Biden became the first US president to formally acknowledge the Armenian genocide even though there had been warnings from the Turkish foreign minister that this would further damage the relationship between the two countries. The relationship between Turkey and the US is very different to the relationship between Turkey and the UK, and this may explain why one leader has been able to recognise the genocide for what it is while one of them has not yet acknowledged it. Turkey and the UK generally have a good trading relationship, with 6% of exports from Turkey going to the UK. According to the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the UK’s direct investment in Turkey in 2011 reached $917 million (c. £679 million) and there are 2,362 companies with UK capital operating in Turkey. This means that potentially ruining the relationship between the UK and Turkey could have a significant economic impact on the UK.

In the context of a post-Brexit United Kingdom where Turkey is a potentially very important ally economically, this gives Turkey significant power over the UK in terms of dictating whether the Armenian Genocide can be officially recognised. The UK government has struggled somewhat when it comes to trade agreements post-Brexit with most of the current agreements just rolled over agreements with countries that had trade agreements with the EU that now apply to the UK individually as well. However, Turkey is one of the few countries that has negotiated a trade deal with the UK that does not just have the same terms as their agreement with the EU. It is evident that the current UK government has placed a great deal of value on this deal, not least because Boris Johnson, who previously championed the Turkish attempts to join the EU, now believes that it would be best for Turkey to remain outside of the EU. Given that the EU negotiates trade deals for all member states, if Turkey were to join the EU it would render the new trade deal with the UK void and the UK would lose an important trading partner that, based on the actions of the government, it cannot afford to lose.

Earlier this year the Armenian Genocide (Recognition) Bill was introduced to parliament and, if successful, would require that the UK government formally acknowledge the massacres of Armenian people by the Ottoman Empire between 1915 and 1917 as a genocide. However, this is not the first time that a Bill like this has been introduced to parliament, there have been 17 previous attempts since 1995 to force the UK government to acknowledge the Armenian Genocide, none of which were successful. If the UK government was not confident enough that they could acknowledge the massacres as a genocide without there being significant economic consequences while a part of the largest trading bloc in the world at the time, it is not likely that the new Bill will be successful now that the UK has left the security of that trading bloc.

The post Acknowledging the Armenian Genocide: the Potential Impact of Brexit and Anglo-Turkish relations appeared first on Politico-Blog.

There are multiple issues here, all stemming from one major problem that is often overlooked: the thesis is not true. Afghanistan, over its history, has not been a ‘Graveyard of Empires’, indeed it has been far from it. Professor Alexander Hainy-Khaleeli has shown how the country was the heartland of many great empires across history, including even empires often used as supporting evidence for proponents of Bearden’s thesis. Alexander the Great’s empire, used by Bearden as an example in favour of his argument, successfully ruled Afghanistan for over one hundred years, and the often-cited British experience ignores the broad success of British policy after the Third Afghan War. When imperial missions did fail, it was not due to the overriding lawlessness of the Afghan terrain or peoples but instead a variety of case-specific factors.

Thus, Bearden’s thesis is a case of bad history, with Afghanistan’s past stuffed into an overly simplistic historical framework. Its usage by politicians is therefore problematic, as it means public policy and discourse is based on incorrect perceptions and knowledge. For example, by describing Afghanistan as ‘the Graveyard of Empires’, Biden oversimplifies the complex failure of the American project in Afghanistan. It assumes that the failure of American statecraft is not a failure of Washington but a result of Afghanistan’s unique nature. By imposing Bearden’s framework, it assumes no imperial policy in Afghanistan could ever be successful regardless of what the imperial power does. Biden’s speech was overwhelmingly centred around this idea – an inevitability of failure that no policy of his could ever rectify. 

This has three significant implications, demonstrating the danger of basing politics on flawed historical theory. Firstly, it stifles the development of effective policy. When addressing an issue that you deem impossible to benefit from, policy becomes solely about mitigation. Biden’s long-held belief that the US was doomed to fail in Afghanistan in line with Bearden’s thesis means that he has approached Afghanistan from a position that the US needed to leave the ‘graveyard’ irrespective of the consequences, explaining, for instance, the unnecessary withdrawal of American contractors that led to the complete collapse of the Afghan army. It also explains the frantic nature of the evacuation effort because the clear urge to withdraw as soon as possible meant that there was little planning for, say, the evacuation of the Afghans who had helped US personnel. 

Further, through basing politics on a largely flawed historical framework, there is a real possibility that we will not learn the correct lessons from the Afghan war. By attributing blame for the operation’s failures on the nature of Afghanistan and not bad policy, the US risks failing to understand the reasons for the failures in the country over the last twenty years, and thus fail to make the necessary changes. In an era where the American Empire is under threat from another would-be hegemony China, failing to learn the correct lessons could be costly. As such, it is more important than ever that the US takes a nuanced look at its role and activity in the global system, which will be significantly hindered by viewing its largest single project over the last two decades through an overly simplified and ignorant framework.

Finally, the oversimplification of Afghanistan and the blaming of it for the West’s failures is deeply immoral. The graveyard thesis crams Afghan history into how it relates to predominantly European Empires, denying it credit outside the framework of imperial history. In reality, Afghanistan has had a fascinating and proud history outside of its relations with the European powers, and thus the promulgation of this thesis risks making discourse around Afghanistan incredibly demeaning. Moreover, calling it the ‘Graveyard of Empires’ suggests that the primary victims of imperial projects in the country are the Empires – British, Soviet, and now American – and not the people of Afghanistan. The country’s people have faced endless war and persecution due to Imperial ends and are the actual victims of the country’s recent past. By framing Afghan history as a one of imperial failure, political discourse is prejudiced in favour of the West at the expense of the true victims of imperial policy. 

These are, unfortunately, inevitable consequences of applying a single and incorrect historical framework to contemporary politics: it can be profoundly immoral but also practically ruinous. Further, it can cloud the judgement of policy makers looking to draw lessons from past failures. As such, while there are good reasons to base politics on history, when that history is incorrect, the results can be ruinous.

The post When Bad History Leads to Bad Politics: ‘The Graveyard of Empires’ appeared first on Politico-Blog.

However, whilst the political doctrine of apartheid and its segregationist ideology ended in 1994, culminating in the election of Nelson Mandela as the President of South Africa, its socio-economic legacy extends into the present day. The apartheid economy was tailored to appeal to, and overwhelmingly benefit white citizens, and as a nation of significant inequality, the after-effects of enforced segregation still pervade twenty-first century discourses. This economic legacy of apartheid is still palpable within modern South Africa, which continues to be defined by the segregationist policies of the late twentieth century. Today, black citizens, compared to their white counterparts, arguably remain somewhat disadvantaged in the national economy and the opportunities afforded to them. As the Economic Freedom Fighters, a South African left-wing political party emphasised in 2013, ‘political freedom without economic emancipation is meaningless.’ Statistical evidence supports the party’s observation, citing that in 2011, 54% of Africans compared to less than one percent of white citizens lived in poverty, attesting to the wider culture of division which had served as the central bastion of political authority. 

Even in the realm of education – particularly pertinent given the notable involvement of students within the anti-apartheid movement – the effect of segregation is demonstrable in the twenty-first century. Under the National Party, the funding of white schools was greater than that of black schools by tenfold, meaning that historical inequalities have become so deeply embedded in the framework of South Africa’s education system, that they are perpetuated nearly thirty years after the dissolution of apartheid. From 2015 to 2019, the school funding in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, one of the lowest-income communities in the nation, fell by a further 15%. What this evidence highlights is that whilst the official dogma of segregation is no longer directly involved in the fabric of the nation, the ghost of apartheid remains a ubiquitous element of life in South Africa, carving out an enduring and reprehensible modern socio-economic legacy. 

The post South Africa and Apartheid’s Enduring Legacy appeared first on Politico-Blog.